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Thermodynamics
THERMAL EXPANSION
• The increase in shape and size of a material on heating is known as thermal expansion
• As the temperature of a material increases, molecules occupy
greater space and hence their intermolecular space increases
and so, the body gets expanded.
. As the temperature of a material decreases, molecules come
closer and hence their intermolecular space decreases and so, the body gets contracted.
• Thermal expansion is minimum in solids,more in liquids and
maximum in gases because intermolecular forces.
• Solid _______ > length, area and volume
Liquid and gas___________> volume
Solid expansion
The increase in shape and size of a solid on heating is known as solid expansion.
Solids have all three kinds of thermal expansions.
- Linear expansion
- Superficial expansion
- Cubical expansion
Linear Expansion
• The increase in length of solid on heating is known as linear
expansion.
. It is also known as one dimensional expansion.
Linear expansion
. Let us consider a metallic rod having original length L1at
temperature θ1 .The rod is heated up to temperature θ2 so that its
new length becomes L2 is as shown in tigure
Experimentally, it has been found that the change in length(L=l2 –
L1) is
1. Directly proportional to the original length of the rod
2.Directly proportional to the change in temperature.
Constant
Where is the proportionality constant and known as coefficient of linear
mapansion or linear expansivity of the material of the rod, its value depends upon the nature of the soid
Hence the coefficient of linear expansion of a material is defined as the change in length per unit original length per unit change in temperature. Its unit is per degree Celsius in cgs unit and per kelvin in Si unit.
This is the final of the radiating.
Superficial expansion
. The increase in area of solid on heating is known as superficial
expansion
• It is also known as two dimensional expansion
Superficial expansion
Let us consider a metalic sheet having arignal area at
emperure. The steeris heated up to temperature e, so that
its new arus bones l_l: ashawn in figure
Experimentally, it has been found that the change in area of sheet
1 Directly aroportional to the opinal area of the short
2 Direct proportional to the change in ter serature.
Combining ecuesions ind ii, we get
CONTD.
• Where beta is the proportionality constant and know as efficient of
Superficial expansion superkale.parenty of the material of the
seel. Its value depends upon the nature
Hence the coefficient of superficial: expansion of a materials detined as
the charge area perunt original area per un change in temperaure
its units per degree Cesus in eps unit and per kelvin in Sl unit.
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Cubica Expansion
. The increase in volume of salidan heating skin as bub
expansion
• It is also known as three dimensional expansion
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